Respiratory System

Respiratory System

The respiratory system plays a foundational role in speech production by providing the necessary airflow for voice and speech. As air is expelled from the lungs, it travels through various structures before being shaped into sounds by the vocal folds and articulators. Understanding the anatomy and function of the respiratory system is crucial for speech-language pathology, particularly when assessing and treating communication disorders.

Anatomy:

The major components of the respiratory system involved in speech production include:

-Lungs: These are the primary organs of respiration, responsible for oxygen exchange and airflow.

- Trachea: This tube connects the lungs to the larynx, allowing air to travel up and down.

- Bronchi and Bronchioles: These passages branch out from the trachea into the lungs, further distributing air.

- Diaphragm: This dome-shaped muscle plays a critical role in breathing; its contraction lowers the thoracic cavity, allowing air to enter the lungs.

- Intercostal Muscles: Located between the ribs, these muscles assist in expanding and contracting the thoracic cavity during inhalation and exhalation.

Function:

During speech production, the respiratory system functions in the following ways:

1. Inhalation: Air is drawn in through the nose or mouth, moving past the pharynx and into the lungs.

2. Exhalation: Air is expelled from the lungs, traveling back through the trachea and larynx, where it passes through the vocal folds.

3. Subglottic Pressure Regulation: Control of airflow (pressure) is critical for phonation, allowing for different pitch and loudness levels during speech.

Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration in Speech Production

1. Respiratory System Components

• Lungs: Primary organs for gas exchange.
• Diaphragm: Dome-shaped muscle that contracts during inhalation.
• Rib Cage & Intercostal Muscles: Assist in lung expansion and contraction.
• Trachea & Bronchi: Airways for air passage.

2. Phases of Respiration in Speech

• Inhalation: Active process involving diaphragm contraction (Boyle’s Law).
• Exhalation: Controlled release of air, essential for phonation.
• Speech Breathing vs. Resting Breathing: Speech requires longer controlled exhalation 

3. Phonatory System

• Larynx & Vocal Folds: Air pressure from the lungs vibrates vocal folds to produce sound.
• Glottis: Space between vocal folds affecting pitch and loudness.

4. Articulatory System

• Oral & Nasal Cavities: Shape and filter sound.
• Tongue, Lips, & Jaw: Modify resonance and articulation.

Understanding the respiratory system is essential for speech-language pathologists when diagnosing and treating speech sound disorders, voice disorders, or respiratory-related issues that impact communication. For example, a compromised respiratory system can affect breath support during speech, leading to a weaker voice or difficulties in longer utterances.